Add scale bar in imagej3/22/2023 This interaction is considered as commensal because the fungi do not benefit from providing a “highway” for bacteria. While motility is efficient in liquid ( 12), bacteria can disperse farther in water-unsaturated conditions by traveling along fungal hyphal “highways” ( 13, 14). In contrast, bacteria are unicellular organisms, some of which are motile, enabling them to explore the environment in search of better spatial and nutrient conditions ( 11). Mycelial network spreads on solid surfaces, that allows the fungus to reach spatial niches in the ecosystem. It has been shown that fungal hyphae transfer nutrients and water to activate bacteria ( 8), while bacteria are able to induce the expression of transcriptionally inactive genes for synthesizing fungal secondary metabolites ( 9).įilamentous fungi grow by extension of hyphae at their tips, thereby forming multicellular networks with branching cells at subapical regions ( 10). In certain scenarios, bacteria physically attach to fungal tube-shaped hyphal cells thus enabling changes in their metabolism either antagonistically or beneficially ( 7). Interkingdom interactions are driven by diverse factors such as antibiotics, signaling molecules, cooperative metabolism, and physical interactions ( 6). Since they interact with each other to carry out their characteristic functions in the ecosystem, a better knowledge of bacterial-fungal interactions is important for understanding the microbial ecosystem, which is closely related to agriculture, medicine, and the environment ( 5). Since such nutrients limit microbial growth, acquiring them within communities is essential for auxotrophs to utilize an ecological niche.īacteria and fungi comprise a large fraction of the biomass in soil ( 3, 4). Natural auxotrophic strains grow in the presence of external nutrients which are provided by members of the local microbiota ( 2). Microbes often constitute communities and share available metabolites ( 1). Different species coexist in certain habitats and interact with each other. Microbes ubiquitously live in nearly every ecological niche. The simultaneous spatial and metabolic interactions demonstrated in this study, reveal a mutualism that facilitates the communicating fungal and bacterial species to obtain environmental niche and nutrient respectively. The thiamine transfer from bacteria to the thiamine non-auxotrophic fungus is directly demonstrated by stable isotope labeling. Transcriptomic, genetic, molecular mass and imaging analyses demonstrated that the bacteria reach the mycelial edge and supply thiamine to the growing hyphae, resulting in a promotion of hyphal growth. The bacterial cells co-cultured with the fungus traveled along mycelia depending on their flagella and dispersed farther with the expansion of fungal colony, indicating that the fungal mycelia supply space for bacteria to migrate, disperse and proliferate. Here we discovered a mutualistic mechanism between filamentous fungus and bacterium, Aspergillus nidulans and Bacillus subtilis. Physical spaces and nutrients are prerequisites to the survival of organisms while few interspecies mutual strategies are documented that satisfies them.
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